GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Law of Torts in India ……………………………………………………………………………

Theories of Tort liability ………………………………………………………………………

Definition …………………………………………………………………………………………

Constituents of Torts ……………………………………………………………………………..

Wrongful Act …………………………………………………………………………………

Wrongful act by Commission or omission ………………………………………………

Act legally recognised as wrong …………………………………………………………

Legal right affected ………………………………………………………………………

Private & Public rights ……………………………………………………………………

Damage …………………………………………………………………………………………

Absolute right …………………………………………………………………………….

Qualified right …………………………………………………………………………….

Injuria sine damno and damnum sine injuria ……………………………………………………

Injuria sine damno …………………………………………………………………………

Damnum sine injuria ………………………………………………………………………

Remedy …………………………………………………………………………………………

General Elements in Tort ……………………………………………………………………………

Physical Elements ………………………………………………………………………………

Act and omission ………………………………………………………………………….

Malfeasance, Misfeasance & Nonfeasance ……………………………………………….

Mental elements …………………………………………………………………………………

Malice ………………………………………………………………………………………

Malice in law ………………………………………………………………………….

Malice in fact or Evil motive ………………………………………………………….

Intention, Negligence, Recklessness ……………………………………………………….

Intention ………………………………………………………………………………

Negligence …………………………………………………………………………….

Recklessness …………………………………………………………………………..

Motive ………………………………………………………………………………………

Fault …………………………………………………………………………………………

Exceptions-no fault liability ……………………………………………………………

Tort compared with Crime, Contract and Trust ……………………………………………………….

Tort and Crime ……………………………………………………………………………………

Tort and Breach of Contract ………………………………………………………………………

Tort and Breach of Trust

 

CHAPTER 2

GENERAL DEFENCES

Consent or “Volenti non fit injuria” ………………………………………………………………

....... General rules on consent ………………………………………………………………………

....... Silence and inaction ………………………………………………………………………

....... Voluntary and free consent ………………………………………………………………

....... Knowledge ………………………………………………………………………………

....... Not to go beyond the limit ………………………………………………………………

....... Unlawful act ………………………………………………………………………………

....... Fraud ……………………………………………………………………………………..

Limitations to the rule volenti non fit injuria ……………………………………………………….

Reasonable conduct ……………………………………………………………………………

Breach of statutory duty ……………………………………………………………………….

Rescue ………………………………………………………………………………………….

Negligence ……………………………………………………………………………………...

Consent for Personal injury and claim against doctors

When plaintiff is the wrongdoer ………………………………………………………………………….

Inevitable accident ………………………………………………………………………………………..

“Act of God” or “Vis Major” ……………………………………………………………………………..

Private Defence ……………………………………………………………………………………………

Necessity ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Public necessity ……………………………………………………………………………………….

Private Necessity ………………………………………………………………………………………

Necessity to assist another person ……………………………………………………………………..

Act done in respect to statutory authority …………………………………………………………………..

Act of State …………………………………………………………………………………………….

Judicial Acts ……………………………………………………………………………………………

Executive Staff …………………………………………………………………………………………

Administrative Acts …………………………………………………………………………………….

Mistake ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Acts causing slight harm ……………………………………………………………………………………..

CHAPTER 3

NEGLIGENCE

Duty to care …………………………………………………….....................................................................

Duty must be owed to the plaintiff …………………………………………………………………….

Legally recognised relationship …………………………………………………………………………

Branch of duty      

The importance of the object to be attained …………………………………………………………….

Magnitude or Risk ………………………………………………………………………………………

Amount of consideration for which services offered …………………………………………………..

Damages ……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

Causation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

Cause in Fact ……………………………………………………………………………………………

Proximate Cause ………………………………………………………………………………………...

Injury foreseeable ……………………………………………………………………………………….

Injury not foreseeable ……………………………………………………………………………………

Remote possibility ……………………………………………………………………………………….

Burden of proof of negligence: Res Ipsa Loquitur ("the thing speaks

for itself') …………………………………………………………………………………………………

Conditions for application of the rule “res ipsa loquitur” ……………………………………………….

Rebuttal of presumption of negligence …………………………………………………………………..

Defences available for an act of negligence ……………………………………………………………………

Inevitable accident ………………………………………………………………………………………..

Act of God or Vis Major ………………………………………………………………………………….

Illegality …………………………………………………………………………………………………...

Contributory negligence ………………………………………………………………………………………..

Comparative negligence …………………………………………………………………………………..

Exceptions to the rule of contributory negligence ………………………………………………………..

Medical Negligence ………………………………………………………………………………………..

Liable for negligence …………………………………………………………………………………

Medical Negligence as a Crime ………………………………………………………………………

CHAPTER 4

REMOTENESS OF DAMAGES

Causation …………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Proximate cause ……………………………………………………………………………………………...

But for theory ………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Remoteness of damage ………………………………………………………………………………………

Test to determine remoteness ………………………………………………………………………………..

Test of foreseeability ……………………………………………………………………………………

Test of Direct consequences …………………………………………………………………………….

New test for remoteness ………………………………………………………………………………………

The Egg shell skull rule ……………………………………………………………………………………….

CHAPTER 5

NERVOUS SHOCK

No damages for Nervous shock ………………………………………………………………………………

Intentional infliction of mental shock …………………………………………………………………………

Primary victim …………………………………………………………………………………………………

Secondary victims ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

Grief and sorrow ………………………………………………………………………………………………

Position in India ……………………………………………………………………………………………….

CHAPTER 6

NO FAULT LIABILITY - STRICT AND

ABSOLUTE LIABILITY

Strict & Absolute liability ……………………………………………………………………………………..

The rule of Strict Liability ……………………………………………………………………………………..

Essential conditions ……………………………………………………………………………………………

Brought something ………………………………………………………………………………………..

Not natural use of land ……………………………………………………………………………………

Escape ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Act done by independent contractor ………………………………………………………………………

Exceptions to the rule …………………………………………………………………………………………...

Plaintiff own default ………………………………………………………………………………………

Act of god or Vis Major …………………………………………………………………………………...

Consent of the plaintiff. ……………………………………………………………………………………

Act of third party ………………………………………………………………………………………….

Statutory duty ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

Position in India ………………………………………………………………………………………………...

Need for new rule ………………………………………………………………………………………………

The Rule of Absolute Liability …………………………………………………………………………………

Highlights of the rule ……………………………………………………………………………………..

Difference between Strict Liability and Absolute Liability ……………………………………………………

CHAPTER 7

VICARIOUS LIABILITY

Ratification ………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Abetment ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Special relationship ………………………………………………………………………………………..

Principal and Agent ………………………………………………………………………………….

Course of employment …………………………………………………………………………

Without owner’s permission ……………………………………………………………………

Beyond the scope of authority …………………………………………………………………

Master and Servant …………………………………………………………………………………..

Principles ……………………………………………………………………………………….

Exception ……………………………………………………………………………………….

Conditions for liability …………………………………………………………………………

Master’s liability …………………………………………………………………………………….

Act during the course of employment …………………………………………………………

Servants not under the control of master ………………………………………………………

Lending Servant to another ……………………………………………………………………

Fraud of servant ……………………………………………………………………………….

Mistake of servant …………………………………………………………………………….

Negligence of servant …………………………………………………………………………

Effects of express prohibition …………………………………………………………………

Casual delegation of authority …………………………………………………………………

Hospital Cases …………………………………………………………………………………

Servant and Independent contractor …………………………………………………………………….

Liability of the employer for the acts of an independent contractor ……………………………….

Exceptions ………………………………………………………………………………………….

Ratification ……………………………………………………………………………………

Strict liability ………………………………………………………………………………….

Partners ………………………………………………………………………………………..

Vicarious Liability of the State ………………………………………………………………………….

Position in England …………………………………………………………………………………

Position in India …………………………………………………………………………………….

Sovereign and non-sovereign functions …………………………………………………………….

Constitution of India ………………………………………………………………………………..

No Liability for sovereign functions ………………………………………………………………..

Sovereign Doctrine overruled ………………………………………………………………………

Compensation for negligence …………………………………………………………….…………

Vicarious liability in Railways ………………………………………………………………………

CHAPTER 8

DEFAMATION

Definition …………………………………………………………………………………………………

Libel and slander English law ……………………………………………………………………………

Libel and slander …………………………………………………………………………………………

Distinction between libel and slander ……………………………………………………………….

Indian Law …………………………………………………………………………………………..

Essentials of Defamation …………………………………………………………………………………

Statement must be defamatory ………………………………………………………………………

Statement must refer to Plaintiff ……………………………………………………………………..

Statement must be published …………………………………………………………………………

Defences …………………………………………………………………………………………………...

Justification or truth …………………………………………………………………………………..

Fair comment ………………………………………………………………………………………….

Privilege ……………………………………………………………………………………………….

Absolute privilege ………………………………………………………………………………..

Qualified privilege ……………………………………………………………………………….

Discharge of a duty ………………………………………………………………………………

Reports of Parliamentary, Judicial or other proceedings………………………………………….

Remedies ……………………………………………………………………………………………….

CHAPTER 9

MALICIOUS PROSECUTION

Essential Elements of Malicious Prosecution ………………………………………………………………

Prosecuted by the defendant ………………………………………………………………………….

Prosecution ended in plaintiffs favour …………………………………………………………………

Without reasonable, and probable cause ……………………………………………………………….

Defendant was actuated by malice …………………………………………………………………….

Plaintiff suffered damages ……………………………………………………………………………..

Remedy ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Difference between false imprisonment and malicious prosecution ...............................................................

CHAPTER 10

NUISANCE

Definition ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Nuisance and trespass ………………………………………………………………………………………...

Distinction between the Nuisance and trespass …………………………………………………………

Kinds of nuisance …………………………………………………………………………………………….

Public Nuisance ………………………………………………………………………………………….

Public nuisance under Indian Law …………………………………………………………………

Private nuisance ………………………………………………………………………………………….

Principles to decide private nuisance ………………………………………………………………

Essentials of private nuisance ………………………………………………………………………

Substantial and Unreasonable interference ……………………………………………………

Injury to the property or comfort and health ………………………………………………….

Remedies for nuisance …………………………………………………………………………………………

Damages …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Injunction………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Abatement …………………………………………………………………………………………………

Defence ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Valid defences ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

Prescriptive right to commit nuisance ………………………………………………………………..

Statutory authority ……………………………………………………………………………………

Ineffectual defences ……………………………………………………………………………………….

Public good …………………………………………………………………………………………...

Reasonable Care ……………………………………………………………………………………...

Plaintiff coming to nuisance ………………………………………………………………………….

 

CHAPTER 11

TRESPASS

Trespass to Person …………………………………………………………………………………………….

Assault …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Essentials of assault ………………………………………………………………………………………

Mere words not assault ………………………………………………………………………………

Fear of immediate violence ………………………………………………………………………….

Indian Penal Code …………………………………………………………………………………………

Battery …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Definition …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Essentials of Battery ……………………………………………………………………………………….

Use of force …………………………………………………………………………………………..

Without lawful justification …………………………………………………………………………..

False Imprisonment ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

Essentials of False Imprisonment …………………………………………………………………………

Restraint of liberty of a person ………………………………………………………………………

Must be unlawful …………………………………………………………………………………….

Plaintiffs knowledge about his detention …………………………………………………………………

Defences ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

With permission ……………………………………………………………………………………………

Private defence - for self-protection ………………………………………………………………………

Expulsion of trespasser …………………………………………………………………………………….

Retaking of goods ………………………………………………………………………………………….

Lawful correction ………………………………………………………………………………………….

Preservation of public peace ……………………………………………………………………………….

Statutory authority …………………………………………………………………………………………

Trespass To Property ……………………………………………………………………………………………

Trespass against immovable property ……………………………………………………………………..

Essential elements …………………………………………………………………………………………

Lawful possession ………………………………………………………………………………

Wrongful entry ………………………………………………………………………………….

Direct consequence ……………………………………………………………………………...

Trespass ab initio (from the moment of entry) …………………………………………………………….

Abuse of authority ……………………………………………………………………………………

Kinds of trespass …………………………………………………………………………………………..

Trespass by wrongful Entry ………………………………………………………………………….

Remaining on Land …………………………………………………………………………………..

Placing thing on Land ………………………………………………………………………………...

Trespass to the airspace ………………………………………………………………………………

Trespass to the ground beneath the surface …………………………………………………………

Dispossession …………………………………………………………………………………………………...

Continuing trespass ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

Trespass by Animals ……………………………………………………………………………………………

Remedies ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Damages …………………………………………………………………………………………………...

Mesne profits ………………………………………………………………………………………………

Injunction ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Expulsion of Trespasser ……………………………………………………………………………………

Distress Damage Feasant …………………………………………………………………………………..

Defences ………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

By prescription ……………………………………………………………………………………………

With consent ………………………………………………………………………………………………

Authority of Law ………………………………………………………………………………………….

Necessity …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Self defence ……………………………………………………………………………………………….

Re-entry ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Abating a nuisance …………………………………………………………………………………………

Trespass to Goods ………………………………………………………………………………………………

Conversion ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Methods on conversion …………………………………………………………………………………….

Conversion by taking possession ……………………………………………………………………..

Conversion by detaining ……………………………………………………………………………...

Conversion by transfer to another ……………………………………………………………………

Conversion by parting ………………………………………………………………………………..

Conversion by destruction ……………………………………………………………………………

Remedies ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Difference between Trespass to goods and conversion.

CHAPTER 12

JOINT LIABILITY

Joint tortfeaser and joint liability ………………………………………………………………………………

Where the wrongdoers are done jointly by the joint tortfeasors …………………………………………

Where they are several independent tortfeasors causing the same damage to him ………………………  

Where they are several independent tortfeasors and different

damages caused to the third party …………………………………………………………………..

Occupier Liability ………………………………………………………………………………………………

Liability to children ………………………………………………………………………………………..

High way accident …………………………………………………………………………………………

Duty as occupier of the premises (Zoological Park) ………………………………………………………

Extinction of tortious liability …………………………………………………………………………………..

Death ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Accord and satisfaction ……………………………………………………………………………………

Waiver ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

By Acquiescence …………………………………………………………………………………………..

CHAPTER 13

MOTOR VEHICLES ACT, 1988

Motor Accident Compensation ………………………………………………………………………………..

Quantum of compensation ………………………………………………………………………………..

Pecuniary damages (Special damages) ………………………………………………………………

Non-pecuniary damages (General damages) …………………………………………………………

Provisions of the Act ………………………………………………………………………………………

Compensation on No Fault Liability under section 164 ……………………………………………...

Award of the Claims Tribunal on the Principle of

"Fault" (Section 168) ……………………………………………………………………………

Liability under Hit and run cases (Section 161) ……………………………………………………..

Refund of compensation paid under Section 161 (Section 163) ……………………………………

Scheme for Golden Hour (Section 162) ……………………………………………………………..

Liability of Insurer ……………………………………………………………………………………………...

Compulsory insurance ………………………………………………………………………………..

Exemption ……………………………………………………………………………………………

Requirements of policies and limits of liability (Section 147) ……………………………………………

Settlement by insurance company and procedure therefor

(Section 149) ………………………………………………………………………………………..

Settlement between Insurers and Insured persons

involving third party claims ……………………………………………………………………

Duty of Insurers to satisfy judgments and awards against

persons insured in respect of third party risks (Section 150) ……………………………………….

Defences ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Breach of a specified condition of the policy ………………………………………………………

Judgement from a Court of Foreign country ………………………………………………………..

Conditions other than those mentioned Section 150 (2)(b) ………………………………………………

Liability over and above the policy amount …………………………………………………………

Insurer’s Liability to “Pay and recover” ……………………………………………………………..

Vehicle driven by minor ……………………………………………………………………………..

Who is the owner …………………………………………………………………………………….

Motor Accidents Claims Tribunal ………………………………………………………………………………

Claims Tribunals (Section 165) ……………………………………………………………………………

Members ……………………………………………………………………………………………...

Qualification ………………………………………………………………………………………….

Who can apply for compensation? (Section 166) ………………………………………………………….

Jurisdiction ……………………………………………………………………………………………

Option regarding claims for compensation in certain cases

(Section 167) ………………………………………………………………………………………….

Award of the Claims Tribunal (Section 168) ……………………………………………………………...

Copies of award ………………………………………………………………………………………

Deposit of amount ……………………………………………………………………………………

Procedure and powers of Claims Tribunals (Section 169) ………………………………………………...

Enforcement ………………………………………………………………………………………….

Accidents Claims Tribunal & Court ………………………………………………………………….

Impleading insurer in certain cases (Section 170) …………………………………………………………

Award of interest where any claim is allowed (Section 171) ……………………………………………...

Award of compensatory costs (Section 172) ………………………………………………………………

Appeals (Section 173) ……………………………………………………………………………………..

Recovery of money from insurer as arrear of land revenue

(Section 174) ………………………………………………………………………………………….

Bar on jurisdiction of Civil Courts (Section 175) ………………………………………………………….

Power of State Government to make rules (Section 176) …………………………………………………

CHAPTER 14

CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT, 2019

Definitions ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

"Consumer" ………………………………………………………………………………………………..

"Consumer rights" …………………………………………………………………………………………

"Defect" ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

"Deficiency" ……………………………………………………………………………………………….

Consumer Protection Councils………………………………………………………………………………….