CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
PROPHET MOHAMMED AND BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ISLAM
The Establishment of the Sunni Schools
CHAPTER 2
SOURCES OF MUSLIM LAW
Classical Sources of Muslim Law
Material Sources of Muslim Law
Legislation Regulating Application of Muslim Law in India
Regional Civil Court Laws
Legislation Dealing Matrimonial Matters
Legislation Dealing Abrogation of Muslim Law
Legislation Providing maintenance
Legislation Dealing Waqfs
CHAPTER 3
APPLICATION OF MUSLIM LAW IN INDIA
Application of Statutory laws to Muslims
Laws enacted by Central Legislature
Laws enacted by State Legislatures
Application of Muslim Law by Courts
Muslim Law of Procedure not Applicable
Muslim Law treated as Native Law
Matters where Muslim Law is applicable
Matters where the provision of Muslim Law will be
applied as a matter of justice, equity and good conscience
Matters where personal law is not applicable to Muslims
Legislative and Judicial Attitude Towards Various Schools
CHAPTER 4
THE SECTS, SUB-SECTS AND DIFFERENT COMMUNITIES
AMONGST INDIAN MUSLIMS
Sects and Sub-Sects of Sunnies and Shias
Ex-communication : Its effects
CHAPTER 5
CONCEPT OF LAW, DEFINITION OF A MUSLIM
AND CONVERSION INTO ISLAM
Muslim Concept of Law
Classification of Law
Convert to Islamic Faith : Its Effect on Marital Rights
CHAPTER 6
MARRIAGE
Conditions for a Valid Marriage
Disabilities for a Valid Marriage
Kinds of Marriage
Valid Marriage
Void Marriage
Irregular Marriage
Void and Irregular Marriage-Difference
Presumption of Marriage
Muta Marriage
Legal Effects of a Valid Marriage
Registration of Marriage
Inter-Religious Marriage
Marriage Performed in Foreign Country : Validity of Marriage
Validity of Marriage in the Absence of Oral Documentary Evidence
Child Marriage
CHAPTER 7
DOWER
Subject Matter of Dower
Practices in India
Kinds of Dower Debts
Liability of guardian to pay dower
Mahra-ul-misl (Proper or Customary Dower)
Prompt (Mu’ajjal) And Deferred (Muwajjal) Dower
Applicability of law of Limitation : Realization of Dower Debt
Widow’s Right to lien for Dower-Her right has priority over creditor
Retention of the possession : Law needs clarification
Nature of widow’s right to remain in possession in lieu of Dower
Possession must be peaceful, without force or fraud
Right of retention : Heritable or not
Possession by widow through Court’s decree
Administration of property by the widow
Transfer of husband’s estate by widow-Its validity
Alienation of property by Muslim widow : Its validity
Courts territorial jurisdiction in recovery of dower cases
Consummation of Marriage and payment of Mahr
CHAPTER 8
JUDICIAL SEPARATION AND RESTITUTION
OF CONJUGAL RIGHTS
Judicial Separation
Restitution of Conjugal Rights
Restitution of conjugal rights and dower money
Having second wife : Restitution of Conjugal Rights
Cruelty as a ground to live separately
Restitution of Conjugal rights at the instance of Khana Damad
Restitution of Conjugal Rights : False Charge of adultery
Breach of Lawful Agreements
Persuasion of the wife to live away from her husband
CHAPTER 9
DIVORCE
Meaning
Pronouncement of Talaq : Qualifications
Intention of the Husband to Pronounce Talaq
Pronouncement of Talaq in the Absence of Wife
Talaq In Writing
Shia View
Sunni View
Oral Talaq
Talaq Made by Way of Notice : Its Legality
Talaq During Marzul Maut and the Right of Inheritance
Revocable or Irrevocable Divorce
Khana Damand : His Legal Position
Modes of Pronouncing Talaq
Approved Form of Divorce
Disapproved Form of Divorce
Form of pronouncement of Talaq and the Use of Ambiguous Words
Divorce at the request of wife
Khula
Nature of Khula
Valid Conditions of Khula
Difference between Divorce and Khula
Mubaraat
Khula and Mubaraat : Effects
Lian (Imprecation)
Termination of Marriage Through Court
Allegations of Adultery Retracted by Husband
Termination of Marriage by Illa
Faskh : (Cancellation of Marriage)
Delegated Divorce : (Talaq Tafweez)
Delegation by Husband to Wife in the Event of Second Marriage
Divorce under the Dissolution of Muslim Marriage Act, 1939
Grounds for decree for dissolution of Marriage
Conversion and Apostasy
Conversion of wife from Islam to another faith
Conversion of wife into another religion : The intention isnecessary
Conversion of one spouse to Islam : (Conversion of wife to Islam)
Husband embracing islam
Claim of Dower-money after apostisation
CHAPTER 10
MAINTENANCE
Muslim Law of Maintence and the Indian Majority Act
Maintenance of the Wife
Interim Maintenance
Khancha-Pandan
Iddat : Maintenance
Maintenance of Divorced Woman
Quantum of Maintenance
Maintenance Right of the Wife : Its Incidence
Maintenance of Aged Parents and other Relatives
Maintenance of Children and Grand Children
Maintenance under the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986
Iddat
Right of the Divorced Muslim Women to be paid Maintenance :
Its Constitutional Validity
CHAPTER 11
MINORITY AND GUARDIANSHIP
Introduction of Statutory Law
The Age of Majority
Application of Indian Majority Act
Application of Muslim Law
Cases where Majority Act was applied in repudiation of Muslim Law
No power to pledge the goods
Disqualifications of Minors
Classification of Guardianship
Guardianship of Person
Hizanat
Natural Guardians
Period of Guardianship of Female Minor
Guardians in the Absence of Substitutes of the Mother
Husband’s Privilege to the Guardianship of His Minor Wife
Guardianship in Marriage
Testamentary Guardianship
Guardianship of Property
Powers, Rights and Duties of Guardians of Property
Relative rights of the heirs of a deceased person in the property inherited by them
De facto Guardian
Powers, Rights and Duties of De Facto Guardians
Appointment of Guardians by the Courts
Rights and Duties of Guardians
The Nature of Contract Entered by Guardian on Behalf of Minor
Dissolution of Guardianship
CHAPTER 12
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF PATERNITY, MATERNITY
AND LAW OF ADOPTION
Introduction
Conditions of a Valid Acknowledgment
Acknowledgement of other Relationship
The Law of Legitimacy
Period of Gestation
Child Born after the Dissolution of Marriage-Its Legitimacy
Disclaim of Paternity
Muslim Law of Legitimacy and Section 112 of the Indian Evidence Act
The status of children of invalid marriages
Adoption Amongst Muslims
Adoption under Customary Law
The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937 :
Its effect on Adoption
CHAPTER 13
LAW OF GIFT
Introduction
Essentials of a valid Hiba
Definition
Parties to Gift
Capacity to make a gift
Gift by insolvent person
Transaction made by Pardanashin lady
Transaction by Pardanashin Lady : She must have independent advice
Protection given to Pardanashin ladies is not confined to ladies in parda
Gift must be free from undue influence
Transactions made during death bed illness
Donee (Mahub-Lahu) : His competency to receive a gift
Gift to minor
Gift in favour of unborn child
Gift of usufruct to unborn person
Gift in favour of the child in the mother’s womb
Gift in favour of one child
Gift in favour of presumptive heir
Gift to non-Muslim
Gift to two or more persons jointly
Gift in favour of juristic person
Gift in favour of dead person
Property given to females at the time of their marriage (Jahez)
Gift by Agents
Subject of Gift (Mouhub)
The property must be in existence
Distinction between substance and usufruct
A Muslim can dispose of his whole property
Gift of limited rights
Donor possess the right to make a gift not amounting to full ownership
Gift of offerings
Gift (Hiba) of mortgaged property
Relinquishment of future right of inheritance : Gift of Spes
Successionis-Its validity
Relinquishment of future rights of inheritance and Transfer of Property Act
Gift of services
Gift of equity redemption
Gift of corporeal and incorporeal property
Gift of Actionable Claim
Hiba of undivided portion of property
Oral Gift
Delivery of Possession
Constructive Possession
Consent of the donor to the done
Gift by way of Trust
Agent of the done is competent to take delivery of the gifted property
Gift of movable property
Vacation of the gifted property by the donor
Transfer of possession in favor of persons other then guardian
Benami gift
Inter-spousal gifts
Gift of Property Which is in the Possession of Other Person
Gift of Property which is in possession of tenant
Gift through registered deed and delivery of possession
Gift where donor upholding and done accepting it-Its validity
Gift of Promissory Notes
Gift of proprietary rights in landed property
Gift of Bank Deposit Receipt
Instances where delivery of possession is not necessary
Gift between co-orsidents
Where the done is already having the possession of the property
Acceptance of gift on behalf of minor-Minor is not precluded from accepting gift
Validity of Parent-Child and Guardian-Ward gifts
Gift of Undivided Property (Doctrine of Musha : Hiba-bil-Musha)
Consequences of violation
The restraint against musha and plurality of donees
Gift of land to two or more persons jointly
Restraint against musha relating to part of an undivided Property
Gift of undivided share in Kaimi raiyati land
Gift of undivided portion of property but possession retained by donor-Its validity
Gift to two or more donees jointly
Circumstances under which property may be divided
Gift between the spouses : Extent of delivery of possession Gift of musha to minor
Exceptions where the restraint against musha was not applied
Revocation of Gift
Revocation of gift before the delivery of possession
Revocation of gifts after the delivery of possession
Revocation of gift where the donor and the done are related
Gift between ralations
Gift between spouses : Its revocation
Partial revocation
Completion of revocation of gift
Revival of Revodcation
Gift by way of Trust
Gifts other than Hiba
Sadaqa
Distinction between Hiba and Sadaqa
Gift of Debts
Gift of Insurance Policy
Gift of Dower Money (Mahr)
Gift of Pension
Gift of property which cannot be physically parted
Gift of shares
Entries in books of account in favour of done
Gift of Promissory Notes
Symbolic Possession
Laving under the same roof
Gift between spouses
Gift to minor-Delivery of possession is not necessary
Gift by mother to her minor child
Gift by grandfather
Gift made by Bailee
Gift of Usufruct (Ariyat)
Distinction between Gift and Ariyat
Settlor Reserving to Himself Life Estate with Remainder to Settlees
Life Interest
Gift of the corpus of the property to one person and part of its income to another
Creation of life interest amongst Shias
Subject-matter of Grant
Grant of life estate to unborn person-Its validity
Where the limited estates can be revoked
Vested Remainder
Creation of Life Estates
Reciprocal Gifts
Traditional forms of Reciprocal Gifts
The application of the doctrine of consideration in the case of gift
Hiba-bil-iwaz and the Indian Contract Act
Hiba-ba-Shartul-iwaz
Essentials
Resemblances between hiba-bil-iwaz and Hiba-ba-Shartul-iwaz
Distinction between hiba-bil-iwaz and hiba-ba-shartul-iwaz
Subject-matter of hiba-bil-iwaz and hiba-ba-shartul-iwaz
Operation of rules of iwaz on future goods
Registeration property gifted under hiba-bil-iwaz
CHAPTER 14
LAW OF WILLL AND LEGACIES
Introduction
Definition
Muslim Law of will and the Indian Succession Act, 1925
Competency of the Legator
Age of Majority
Will made by a guardian
Validity of a will made by the person who has attempted suicide
Soundness of mind
Competency of the Legatee
Bequest in respect of an alive person
Bequest in respect of unborn persons
Bequest in respect of non-Muslims
Bequest in respect of Murderer
Bequest in respect of charity
Legatee pre-deceasing testator
Joint Legacies
Conditions for a Valid Will
Will can be made only of one third of the property
Bequest to Heir-Its legality
Testamentary disposition of more than one third of the property-Its consequences
Subject Matter of Will
Proportionate abatement of wills
Genuineness-Onus of proof
Will of life interest-Its validity
Forms of Wills
Oral Will
Wills in writing
Revocation of Will
Death-Bed Business (Marz-ul-Maut)
CHAPTER 15
LAW OF PRE-EMPTION
Introduction
Origin and Basis
Definition
Classification of Pre-emption
Application of the right of pre-emption in India
Persons Eligible to Enjoy the Privilege of Pre-Emption
Subject Matter of Pre-Emption
When does the Right Arise
Legal Position of Transactions other than Sale
Full proprietary rights necessary for claiming pre-emption
Right can be claimed by both sexes
Formalities for Claiming the Right of Pre-Emption
Parties to the Right of Pre-Emption
Loss of the Right of Pre-Emption
Circumstances when Right of Pre-Emption is Not Lost
Effects of Pre-Emption
Constitutional Validity of the Right of Pre-Emption
Difference Between Sunni and Shia Law of Pre-Emption
Partial Pre-Emption
CHAPTER 16
LAW OF SUCCESSION
The Right of the heirs in the property
Family ties : The basis of the law of inheritance
Legitimacy : The basis of right of inheritance
Priorities in Succession of a Deceased Muslim Property
The system of mitigated agnatic succession
Nearest relative alone succeeds : (Rule of al-Jabari)
Scope of the Application of the Muslim Law of Succession
Salient Features of Muslim Law of Succession
Doctrine of Vested Interest
Impediments to Inheritance
Act of homicide
Change of religion
Effect of conversion to Islamic faith on Inheritance.
Slavery
Bodily disease and insanity : Not a ground for exclusion
Illegitimate children
Exclusion of daughters from inheritance
General Rules of Succession
Verification of Heirs and Division of Shares
Preliminary Steps to be Taken for the Distribution of Estate
Classification of Legal Heirs
Class I Heirs (Sharers) (Ahl-al-faraid)
Priorities among class I (Quaranic) heirs
Priority of Quranic and male agnate heirs-Comparative study
Quranic heirs are not excluders
Husband
Father
Grandfather
Grandfather and collaterala
The Uterine brother
Class I Female Heira
Widow
Daughters
The principle of Tasib : Sons and Daughters are treated as Residuaries
Son’s daughter’s son and son’s daughter’s daughter
Grandmother
Agnatic Sisters
The Himariya Rule-Germanes and Uterines in competiton
Uterine Sisters (i.e., Half sisters on the mother’s side)
Nephews, uncles, cousins and other male agnates
Doctrine of Increase
Doctrine of Return
Method of Calculating Radd
Whether husband can inherit wife’s property both as husband and as kinsman (Ilm-ul-Faraiz)
Class II Heirs-Residuaries (Agnates-Asabah)
Son, Grandson, and great grandson
Father and true grandfather
Brother and sister
Full and consanguine, brothers and sisters
Agnatic brother
Consanguine sisters
Residuaries in another’s right
Residuaries together with another
Preference to propinquity
Class III Heirs-Distant Kindred
The Doctrine of Tanzil : Shafei and Hanbali Schools
Doctrine of Qarba
Rules of Exclusion
Basic Rules Of Apportionment
Descendants
Ascendants
Descendants of the praepositus parents
Descendants of the deceased’s grandparent
Succession by Contract
Universal Legatee
Escheat : Right of the Government to Acquire Landed Property
The Status of Missing Person and the Indian Evidence Act
Posthumous Children
Definitions
Shia Law of Inheritance
General Principles of Inheritance under Shia Law
Apportionment of Inheritance : First Class Heirs
Lineal Descendants
Position of the eldest son
Children
Grandchildren
Great grandchildren
Parents
Father
Mother
Grandparents
Paternal and maternal grandparents
Great grandparents
Collaterals and Their Issue
Brothers and sisters
Descendants of Uncles and Aunts : (Nephews and Nieces)
Grandparents and Collaterals in Competition
Class II Heirs
Mode of Distribution of Property Amongst Second Class Heirs
Mode of Distribution of Property Amongst Class III Heirs
Distribution of property amongst uncles and aunts
Descendants of uncles and aunts (Nephews and nieces)
Mode of Distribution of Property Amongst other Heirs
Principle of Representation
Doctrine of Increase (Aul)
Doctrine of Return to Sharers
Grounds of Disqualifications from Inheritance
Succession by Contract
Husband or Wife as Ultimate Heir
Escheat States Right to Acquire Property
Distinction Between Hanafi and Shia Law of Succession
CHAPTER 17
LAW OF WAQF IN INDIA
Meaning of Waqf
Definition of Waqf given by jurists
Statutory Definition of Wakf
Law before the passing of Mussalman Wakf Validating Act, 1913
Definition under the Mussalman Waqf Validating Act, 1913
Definition given in Wakf Act, 1995
Kinds of Waqfs
Capability of the Waqif (Settlor)
Capacity to make a waqf
Creation of Waqf by Non-Muslims
Waqfs established by Pardanashin ladies
Waqif must be the owner of the property
Right of the Waqif (Settlor)
Characteristics of a Valid Waqf
Scope of the Waqf
Advantages and Disadvantages of Waqf
Suit for the declaration that property is waqf
Definitions
Family Waqfs-Waqf-Fi-Sabi-Lil-Lah
Power of dedicator to create a waqf and make reservation for himself
Ultimate benefit must be for charity
The ultimate benefit must go to the beneficiary
Waqfs not to be invalid by reason of remoteness
Mutawalli as a beneficiary
Power of the Mutawalli of Waqf-al-Aulad (Family Waqf)
Family waqfs of strangers : No settled law
Subject-Matter of Waqf
Waqf of Musha
Object and Purpose of a Valid Waqf
Object must be Lawful
Objects partly valid and partly invalid
Invalid Objects of waqfs
Object must be certain
Doctrine of Cypres
Some Particular Waqfs
Mosques
Object of Mosques
Kinds of Mosque
Requisites for a valid mosque
Whether mosque can be established to a particular sector
to the followers of a particular school
Mosque cannot be restricted to the members of any particular sect
Head of sect has no power to exclude others for saving prayers
There is no division like Sunni mosque or Shia mosque
Ceremonies other than prayers can be performed in a mosque by members of other sects
Members of one sect can join in congregational prayer, but they cannot arrange separate congregational prayer
Establishment of mosque for residents of a particular locality
Private Mosque (Masjid)
The Juristic Status of Mosques
Appointment of Imam
Idgah
Comparision Between Waqf and other Similar Institutions
Comparision between Waqf and Trust
Distinction between Hiba (Gift) and Waqf
Distinction between Waqf and Sadaqa
Distinction between Sunni and Shia law of Waqf
Distinction between a Waqf and Hindu Religious Endowment
Methods for the Creation of Waqf
Registration of Waqfs
Monastery Like Institutions of Muslims
Muslim Shrine Like Institutions and Their Servants
Distinction Between Sajjadanashine and Mutawalli
Persons in Whose Favour Waqf can be Created (Beneficiary)
Beneficiary need not be poor
Waqifs family as beneficiary
Waqif as beneficiary
Waqifs family as beneficiary
General Public
Right of the beneficiary to grant lease etc.
Right of the beneficiaries to take simultaneously and equally
Consequences of the failure of the first beneficiary : Waqf Void
Creation of waqf where benefit will be derived by succession of persons
Power of the court to grant permission for the disposition of waqf property
Waqfs the primary object of which is non-existing
Wakf must not be contingent
Waqfs for life interest valid
The Application of Income
Appendix
The Waqf Act, 1995
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