Need for Law
1. Object of Law
2. Law—Its nature
3. Law, Ethics and Natural Justice
4. Law—Its kinds
5. Legislation
6. Administration of Criminal Justice
7. Theories of punishment
Definition of crime—What is crime ?
Crime and Criminal Liability—Civil and Criminal Law
Distinction between Crime and Civil Wrong i.e. Torts
Tort and Crime
Conditions of Criminal Liability
History of Penal Law in India
Criminal Law Reforms During 1828-1834
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
(Section 1—5)
Title and extent of operation of the Code (S. 1).
Punishment of offences committed within India (S. 2).
Applicability of the Code
Persons who enjoy immunity
Punishment of offences committed beyond, but which by law may be tried within India (S. 3).
Extension of Code to extra-territorial offences (S. 4).
Certain laws not to be affected by this Act (S. 5).
Law not affected by the Code
Classification of offences—Scheme of the Code
CHAPTER 2
GENERAL EXPLANATIONS
(Sections 6—52-A)
Definitions in the Code to be understood subject to exceptions (S. 6).
Sense of expression once explained (S. 7).
The Rule of Interpretation in the Code
Gender (S. 8).
Number (S. 9).
Man, Woman (S. 10); Person (S. 11); Public (S. 12).
Crime and Cognate—Offence
Servant of Government (S. 14).
Government (S. 17).
India (S. 18).
Good faith (S. 52).
Reason to believe (S. 26).
Voluntarily (S. 39).
Ingredients of Voluntarily
Wrongful gain & Wrongful loss (S. 23).
Gaining wrongfully (S. 23).
Dishonestly (S. 24).
Fraudulently (S. 25).
Injury
Distinction between Dishonestly and Fraudulently
Public servant (S. 21).
Distinction between a Public Servant and a Government Servant
Judge (S. 19).
Court of Justice (S. 20).
Movable property (S. 22).
Property in possession of wife, clerk or servant (S. 27).
Document (S. 29).
Electronic Record (S. 29A).
Valuable security (S. 30).
A will (S. 31).
Counterfeit (S. 28).
The Law Relating to Joint Offenders
Acts done by several persons in furtherance of common intention (S. 34).
When criminal act is done with criminal knowledge or intention (S. 34 and S. 35).
Offence (S. 40).
Special law (S. 41).
Local law (S. 42).
Illegal : Legally bound to do (S. 43).
Injury (S. 44).
Life (S. 45).
Death (S. 46).
Animal (S. 47).
Vessel (S. 48).
Year, Month (S. 49).
Section (S. 50).
Oath (S. 51).
Harbour (S. 52A).
CHAPTER 3
OF PUNISHMENTS
(Sections 53—75)
"Punishments" (S. 53).
Principle of Judicial Sentencing & Scope
Construction of reference to transportation (S. 53A).
Commutation of sentence of death (S. 54).
Commutation of sentence of imprisonment for life (S. 55).
Definition of "appropriate Government" (S. 55A).
Sentence of Europeans and Americans to penal servitude, proviso as to sentence for term exceeding ten years but not for life. [Omitted.] (S. 56)
Fractions of terms of punishment (S. 57).
Offenders sentenced to transportation how dealt with transported [Omitted.] (S. 58)
Transportation instead of imprisonment [Omitted.] (S. 59)
Sentence may be (in certain cases of imprisonment) wholly or partly rigorous or simple (S. 60).
Sentence of forfeiture of property [Repealed.] (S. 61)
Forfeiture of property,in respect of offenders punishable with death, transportation or imprisonment [Repealed.] (S. 62)
Amount of fine (S. 63).
Sentence of imprisonment for non-payment of fine (S. 64).
Limit to imprisonment for non-payment of fine when imprisonment and fine awardable (S. 65).
Description of imprisonment for non-payment of fine (S. 66).
Imprisonment for non-payment of fine, when offence punishable with fine only (S. 67).
Imprisonment to terminate on payment of fine (S. 68).
Termination of imprisonment on payment of proportional part of fine (S. 69).
Fine leviable within six years or during imprisonment—Death not to discharge property from liability (S. 70).
Limit of punishment of offence made up of several offences (S. 71).
Punishment of person guilty of one of several offences, the judgment stating that it is doubtful of which (S. 72).
Solitary confinement (S. 73).
Limit of solitary confinement (S. 74).
Enhanced punishment for certain offences under Chapter XII or Chapter XVII after previous conviction (S. 75).
Theories of Punishment
Kinds of Punishment
Death Sentence
Various offences which are punishable with Death-Sentence
Imprisonment for life
Solitary confinement
Imprisonment
Effect of imprisonment
Forfeiture of property
Commutation of sentences
Imprisonment in default of fine
The law of cumulative punishment
Assessment of punishment Cumulative Punishment—Mayne’s Principles
Enhanced Punishment
CHAPTER 4
GENERAL EXCEPTIONS
(Sections 76—106)
General Principles of Exceptions
Mens Rea
Act done by a person bound, or by mistake of fact believing himself bound, by law (S. 76).
Act of Judge when acting judicially (S. 77).
Act done pursuant to the judgment or order of Court (S. 78).
Act done by a person justified, or by mistake of fact believing himself justified by law (S. 79).
Accident (S. 80).
Act likely to cause harm, but done without criminal intent and to prevent other harm (S. 81).
Act of Infant (Ss. 82, 83).
Distinction between Legal and Medical Insanity Insanity (S. 84)
Persons of unsound mind
Defence of Drunkenness or Intoxication (Ss. 85, 86)
Offences committed under the influence of threat
Consent (Ss. 87 to 92)
Consent known to be given under fear or misconception (S. 90).
Exclusion of acts which are offences independently of harm caused (S. 91). '
Act done in good faith for benefit of a person without consent (S. 92).
Conditions necessary
Distinction between Section 89 and Section 92
Communication made in good faith (S. 93)
Act to which a person is compelled by threats (S. 94).
Act causing slight harm (S. 95).
The Law of Private Defence (Secs. 96-106)
Scope of the right of private defence
Private Defence of Person or Body
Private Defence of Property
Right of private defence against the act of a person of unsound mind, etc. (S. 98)
Limitation on the right of private defence (S. 99)
Extent of the right of private defence
When the right of private defence of the body extends to causing death (S. 100)
Private defence of body when extends to causing any harm other than death (S. 101)
Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of the body (S. 102).
Private defence of Property (Ss. 97, 99, 103-105)
When the right of private defence of property extends to causing death (S. 103)
Which such right extends to causing any harm other than death (S. 104).
Right of private defence of property against criminal trespass or attempt to commit it Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of property (S. 105).
Right of private defence against a deadly assault when there is risk of harm to innocent person (S. 106)
CHAPTER 5
ABETMENT
(Sections 107—120)
Abetment of a thing (S. 107).
Abetment by instigation
Abetment by conspiracy
Distinction between abetment and conspiracy
Abetment by aid and illegal omission
Abetment by instigation in Dowry cases
Distinction between Abetment and attempt
Abettor (S. 108).
Abetment in India of offence outside India (S. 108-A).
Punishment of an abetment (S. 109).
Punishment of abetment if person abetted does act with a different intention from that of abettor (S. 110).
Liability of abettor when one act abetted and different act done (S. 111).
Abettor when liable to cumulative punishment for act abetted and for act done (S. 112).
Liability of abettor for an effect caused by the act abetted different from that intended by the abettor (S. 113).
Abettor present when offence is committed (S. 114).
Abetment of offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life —if offence not committed (S. 115).
Abetment of offence punishable with imprisonment—if offence be not committed (S. 116).
If abettor or person abetted b» a public servant whose duty it is to prevent offence
Abetting commission of offence by the public or by more than ten persons (S. 117).
Concealing design to commit offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life (S. 118).
Public servant concealing design to commit offence which it is his duty to prevent (S. 119).
—if offence be committed
—if offence be punishable with death, etc.
—if offence be not committed
Concealing design to commit offence punishable with imprisonment (S. 120).
—if offence be committed—if offence be not committed.
CHAPTER 6
CRIMINAL CONSPIRACY
(Sections 120-A—120-B)
Definition of criminal conspiracy (S. 120-A).
Punishment of criminal conspiracy (S. 120-B).
Conspiracy, what is—Conspiracy explained
Characteristics—Combination and secrecy
Ingredients of Criminal Conspiracy
Proof of conspiracy
Sections 34 and 120-A—Distinction
Distinction between abetment and conspiracy
Punishment of criminal conspiracy
CHAPTER 7
OFFENCES AGAINST THE STATE
(Sections 121—130)
Waging War
Waging, or attempting to wage war, or abetting waging of war, against the Government of India (S. 121).
Waging War and Rioting—Distinction
Conspiracy to commit offences punishable by section 121 (S. 121-A).
Collecting arms, etc., with intention of waging war against the Government of India (S. 122).
Concealing with intent to facilitate design to wage war (S. 123).
Sedition (S. 124-A).
Constitutional validity of Section 124-A
Analysis of the section
Views of other High Courts
Some other Relevant Cases on Sedition
Waging war against any Asiatic Power in alliance with the Government of India (S. 125).
Committing depredation on territories of power at peace with the Government of India (S. 126).
Receiving property taken by war or depredation mentioned in sections 125 and 126 (S. 127).
Public servant voluntarily allowing prisoner of State or of war to escape (S. 128).
Public servant negligently suffering such prisoner to escape (S. 129).
Aiding escape of rescuing or harbouring such prisoner (S. 130).
CHAPTER 8
OFFENCES RELATING TO THE ARMY, NAVY AND AIR FORCE
(Sections 131—140)
Details of offences
CHAPTER 9
OFFENCES AGAINST THE PUBLIC TRANQUILLITY
(Sections 141—160)
Unlawful Assembly (S. 141).
Incorporeal rights
Enforcement of right or supposed right
Being member of unlawful assembly and liability (S. 142).
Unlawful Assembly—Overt act whether necessary
Punishment (S. 143).
Joining unlawful assembly armed with deadly weapon (S. 144).
Joining or continuing in unlawful assembly, knowing it has been commanded to disperse (S. 145).
Knowingly, joining or continuing in assembly of five or more persons after it has been commanded to disperse
Rioting (S. 146).
Punishment for rioting (S. 147).
Riot—Definition and liability
Rioting, armed with deadly weapon (S. 148).
Disturbance of public peace
Every member of unlawful assembly guilty of offence committed in prosecution of common object (S. 149).
Principle, Scope and applicability of Section 149
In prosecution of the common object—Words explained
Assembly whether unlawful assembly if common object not translated into action
Acquittal of some—And conviction of others
Constructive liability of accused for acts of others in a free fight between two parties
Distinction between "common object" and "common intention"
Offences relating to unlawful assembly with penalties
Hiring, or conniving at hiring of persons to join unlawful assembly (S. 150).
Knowingly joining or continuing in assembly of five or more persons after it has been commanded to disperse (S. 151).
Assaulting or obstructing public servant when suppressing riot, etc. (S. 152).
Wantonly giving provocation with intent to cause riot—if rioting be committed—if not committed (S. 153).
Promoting enmity between different groups on grounds of religion, race, place of birth, residence, language, etc., and doing acts prejudicial to maintenance of harmony (S. 153-A).
Offence committed in place of worship, etc.
Punishment for knowingly carrying arms in any procession or organising, or holding or taking part in any mass drill or mass training with arms (S. 153-AA).
Imputations, assertions prejudicial to national integration (S. 153-B).
Owner or occupier of land on which an unlawful assembly is held (S. 154).
Liability of person for whose benefit riot is committed (S. 155).
Liability of agent or owner or occupier for whose benefit riot is committed (S. 156).
Harbouring persons hired for an unlawful assembly (S. 157).
Being hired to take part in an unlawful assembly or riot or to go armed (S. 158).
Affray (S. 159).
Punishment for committing affray (S. 160).
Affray
Fighting—What it is?
Distinction between "waging war", "riot" and "affray"
Distinction between affray and assault
Distinction between riot and affray
Liability of persons other than Rioteers
Promoting enmity between classes
CHAPTER 10
OFFENCES RELATING TO PUBLIC SERVANTS
(Sections 166—171)
Public servant disoyeying law, with intent to cause injury to any person (Sections 166)
Public servant disoyeying direction under law (S. 166A).
Punishment for non-treatment of victim (S. 166-B).
Public servant framing an incorrect document with intent to cause injury (Section 167)
Public servant unlawfullly engaging in trade (S. 168)
Public servant unlawfully buying or bidding for property (S. 169)
Personating a public servant (S. 170).
Wearing garb or earring token used by a public servant with faudulent intent (S. 171).
Dishonest act of public servant (Sections 166, 167)
Unlawful act of public servant (Sections 168, 169)
Personating a public servant (Sections 170, 171)
CHAPTER 11
OFFENCES RELATING TO PUBLIC ELECTION
(Sections 171-A to 171-1)
Candidate (S. 171-A).
Electoral right (S. 171-A).
Bribery (S. 171-B).
Undue influence at an election (S. 171-C).
Personation at an election (S. 171-D).
Punishment for bribery (S. 171-E).
Punishment for undue influence or personation at an election (S. 171-F).
False statement in connection with an election (S. 171-G).
Illegal payments in connection with an election (S. 171-H).
Failure to keep election accounts (S. 171-1).
CHAPTER 12
CONTEMPT OF THE LAWFUL AUTHORITY OF PUBLIC SERVANTS
(Sections 172—190)
Absconding to avoid service of summons or other proceeding (S. 172)
Preventing service of summons or other proceeding, or preventing publications thereof (S. 173).
Non-attendance in obedience to an order from public servant (S. 174).
Non appearance in response to a proclamation under section 82 of Act 2 of 1974 (S. 174-A).
Omission to produce document or electronic record to public servant by person legally bound to produce it (S. 175).
Omission to give notice or information to public servant by person legally bound to give it (S. 176).
Wilful refusal to do certain acts
Giving false information
False information with intent to cause public servant to use his lawful power to the injury of another person (S. 182).
Illegal purchase or bid for property (S. 185)
Obstructing or disobeying public servant
Threat of injury
CHAPTER 13
FALSE EVIDENCE AND OFFENCE AGAINST PUBLIC JUSTICE
(Sections 191—229)
Giving False Evidence and Cognate Offences
Makes any statement which is false
English and the Indian Law of Perjury—Difference
Fabricating False Evidence (S. 192).
Judicial Proceeding
Public servant or arbitrator
Distinction between giving False Evidence and Fabricating False Evidence
Distinction between Forgery and Fabricating False Evidence
Punishment for false evidence (S. 193).
Sections 193 and 218—Distinction
Punishment for Aggravated form of Giving or Fabricating False Evidence
Prosecution for offences under Sections 193 and 195
User of false evidence (S. 196).
Touching any point material
Miscellaneous allied offences
Disappearance of evidence and False Information
Scope of Applicability of Section 201
Causes any Evidence to disappear
Screening the offender from legal punishment
Destruction of document or electronic record to prevent its production as evidence (S. 204).
False personation (S. 205).
Abuse of the Process of Court—Collusive proceedings
False charge of an offence (S. 211).
Screening offenders
Harbouring offenders
Resistance to lawful apprehension
Transgression of punishment (S. 227)
Contempt of Court (S. 228).
Unlawful acts of Public Servants
Unlawful return from transportation (S. 226)
Disclosure of identity of the victim of certain offences
Personation of a juror or assessor (S. 229).
Failure by person released on bail or bond to appear in Court (S. 229A).
CHAPTER 14
OFFENCES RELATING TO COIN AND GOVERNMENT STAMPS
(Sections 230—263A)
Definition
1. Counterfeiting Coin
2. Uttering Coins
3. Alteration of Coin
4. Offences by Mint employees
5. Offences relating to counterfeiting Government Stamps
Penalties
CHAPTER 15
OFFENCES RELATING TO WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
(Sections 264—267)
CHAPTER 16
OFFENCES AFFECTING THE PUBLIC HEALTH, SAFETY, CONVENIENCE, DECENCY AND MORALS
(Secs. 268—294-A)
Public Nuisance—Meaning and Kinds, etc.
Kinds of Nuisance
Public Health—Nuisance in respect of
Public safety—Nuisance in respect of
Criminal negligence—What is
"Rash or negligent" driving
Public Decency and Morals
Publishing of information which is obscene in electronic form
Obscenity—Meaning of
Caberet shows
CHAPTER 17
OFFENCES RELATING TO RELIGION
(Sections 295—298)
CHAPTER 18
OFFENCES AFFECTING THE HUMAN BODY
(Secs. 299-377)
Introduction
Homicide
Culpable homicide (S. 299).
Elements of culpable homicide
Motive—Relevance
Sometimes even gross negligence may amount to knowledge
Distinction between ‘Knowledge and Intention’
Murder (S. 300).
Tests regarding proof by circumstantial evidence
Intention to kill whether necessary in every case of murder
Ingredients of grave and sudden provocation
Injury inflicted if sufficient to cause death—Test for
Difference between murder and culpable homicide not amounting to murder
Causing bodily injury knowing that in the ordinary course of nature were sufficient to cause death—Whether murder or culpable homicide
No intention to cause death—Knowledge that injury was likely to cause death, offence under Section 304, Part II and Section 302, I.P.C.
Culpabale homicide by causing death of person other than person whose death was intended (S. 301).
Punishment for murder (S. 302).
Murder—Liability on basis of "common intention"
—Applicability of Section 34
Liability on basis of ‘common object’ or ‘common intention’
—Effect of the acquittal of other members of the unlawful assembly or the group Unintended victim
Punishment for murder by life-convict (S. 303).
Punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder (S. 304).
Causing death by negligence (S. 304-A).
Death by Negligence
Criterion for rash and negligent driving of a car
A Rash Act
Rashly and negligently
Rash and negligent and intentional act
Medical negligence
Distinction between Section 304-A and Section 279
Penalties
Culpable homicide
Culpable homicide and murder
Punishment for Murder
Benefit of Doubt in Murder Case
Dowry Deaths and Abetment of Suicide by a Married woman
Dowry Deaths (S. 304-B).
Essentials of Section 304B
Legislative retrospect
Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman
Object behind these legislative changes
Cummulative effect of legislative changes
Abetment of suicide of child or insane person (S. 305).
Abetment of suicide (S. 306).
Attempt to commit murder (S. 307).
Attempt to murder—Ingredients
Attempt to commit culpable homicide (S. 308).
Suicide
Attempt to commit suicide (S. 309).
Miscarriage, Injuries to unborn children, exposure of infants, infants’, concealment of birth Hurt (S. 319).
Grievous hurt (S. 320).
Voluntarily causing grevious hurt by use of acid etc. (S. 326-A).
Voluntarily throwing or attempting to throw acid (S. 326-B).
Wrongful restraint (S. 339) & Wrongful confinement (S. 340).
Distinction between Wrongful Restraint and Wrongful Confinement
Criminal Force and Assault
Force (S. 349).
Criminal Force (S. 350).
Assault (S. 351).
Difference between criminal force and Hurt
Punishment for assault or criminal force otherwise than on grave provocation (S. 352).
Assault or criminal force to deter public servant from discharge of his duty (S. 353).
Assault or criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty (S. 354).
Modesty of a woman—how and when outraged
Kidnapping and abduction
Kidnapping (S. 359);
Kidnapping from India (S. 360).
Kidnapping from lawful guardianship (S. 361).
Abduction (S. 362).
Distinction between Kidnapping from lawful guardianship and Abduction
Punishment for kidnapping (S. 363).
Kidnapping or maiming a minor for purpose of begging (S. 363-A).
Kidnapping or abducting in order to murder (S. 364).
Kidnapping for ransom etc (S. 364-A).
Kidnapping or abducting with intent secretly and wrongfully to confine person (S. 365).
Trafficking of persons and Forced Labour
Trafficking of person (S. 370).
Sale and purchase of minors for prostitution
Selling minor for purposes of prostitution, etc (S. 372).
Buying minor for purposes of prostitution, etc (S. 373).
Unlawful compulsory labour (S. 374).
Sexual offences
Rape (S. 375).
Punishment for rape (S. 376).
Punishment for causing death or resulting in persistent vegetative state of victim (S. 376-A).
Sexual intercourse by husband upon his wife during seperation (S. 376-B).
Sexual intercourse by a person in authority (S. 376-C).
Gang rape (S. 376-D).
Punishment for repeat offenders (S. 376-E).
Unnatural offence
CHAPTER 19
OFFENCES AGAINST PROPERTY
(Sections 378—462)
Theft (S. 378).
Distinction between theft and mischief
Penalties for theft and its agravated forms
Extortion (S. 383).
Distinction between Extortion & Theft
Punishment for extortion (S. 384).
Robbery and Dacoity
Robbery (S. 390).
Dacoity (S. 391).
Punishment for robbery (S. 392).
Attempt to commit robbery (S. 393).
Punishment for dacoity (S. 395).
Violence of Robbery
Aggravated forms of Robbery and Dacoity
Voluntarily causing hurt in committing robbery (S. 394).
Dacoity with murder (S. 396).
Robbery or dacoity with attempt to cause death or gravious hurt
Attempt to commit robbery or dacoity when armed with deadly weapon
Difference between Robbery and Dacoity
Association with thieves, robbers and dacoits and preparation for dacoity
Offences against Property—Difference between
Criminal misappropriation—Dishonest misappropriation of property (S. 403).
Dishonest misappropriation of property possessed by deceased person at the time of his death (S. 404).
Distinction between theft and criminal misappropriation
Criminal Breach of Trust (S. 405).
Dishonest misappropriation, conversion, use or disposal
Punishment for criminal breach of trust (S. 406).
Criminal breach of Trust and its aggravated forms : Penalties for
Criminal breach of trust by carrier, etc. (S. 407).
Criminal breach of trust by clerk or servant (S. 408).
Criminal breach of Trust by public servant, or by banker, merchant or agent (S. 409).
Quantum of penalties
Theft, Criminal Misappropriation and Criminal Breach of Trust —Distinction between
Receiving Stolen Property (S. 410)
Dishonestly receiving property stolen in the commission of dacoity (S. 412).
Cheating (S. 415).
Cheating by personation (S. 416).
Aggravated forms of Cheating and Penalties
Punishment for cheating (S. 417).
Cheating by Personation (S. 419).
Cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of property (S. 420).
Criminal misappropriation and cheating—Distinction between
Fraudulent Deeds and Dispositions of Property
Mischief (S. 424).
Mischief implies destruction, damage or change in property
Punishment for mischief (S. 426).
Mischief—Its Aggravated Forms
Mischief causing damage to the amount of fifty rupees (S. 427).
Criminal Trespass (S. 441).
Absence of criminal intent
House trespass (S. 442).
Lurking house-trespass (S. 443).
Lurking house-trespass by night (S. 444).
House-breaking (S. 445).
House-breaking by night (S. 446).
Punishment for criminal trespass (S. 447).
Punishment for house-trespass (S. 448).
House-trespases in order to commit offence punishable with death (S. 449).
House-trespases in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment for life (S. 450).
House-trespass in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment (S. 451).
House-trespass after preparation for hurt, assault or wrongful restraint (S. 452).
Punishment for lurking house-trespass or house-breaking (S. 453).
Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment (S. 454).
Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking after preparation for hurt, assault or wrongful restraint (S. 455).
Punishment for lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night (S. 456).
Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment (S. 457).
Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night after preparation for hurt, assault, or wrongful restraint (S. 458).
Grievous hurt caused whilst committing lurking house-trespass or house-breaking (S. 459).
All persons jointly concerned in lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night punishable where death or grievous hurt caused by one of them (S. 460).
Dishonestly breaking open receptacle containing property (S. 461).
Punishment for same offence when committed by person entrusted with custody (S. 462).
CHAPTER 20
OFFENCES RELATING TO DOCUMENTS, TRADE AND
PROPERTY MARKS
(Sections 463—489-E)
Documents—What is
Electronic Record
Forgery of Document—What it means?
Forgery (S. 463).
Making of False Document (S. 464)
Affixing digital signature
Dishonestly or fraudulently
Damage or injury to the public or to any person
Aggravated Forms of Forgery
Forgery of record of Court or of public register (S. 466).
Forgery of valuable security, will, etc (S. 467).
Forgery for purpose of cheating (S. 468).
Forgery for purpose of harming reputation (S. 469).
Forged document or electronic record (S. 470).
Using as genuine a forged document or electronic record (S. 471).
Making or possessing counterfeit seal, etc., with intent to commit forgery punishable under section 467 (S. 472).
Making or possessing counterfeit seal, etc., with intent to commit forgery punishable otherwise (S. 473).
Having possession of document or electronic record described in section 466 or 467, knowing it to be forged and intending to use it as genuine (S. 474).
Counterfeiting device or mark used for authenticating documents prescribed in section 467 or possessing counterfeit marked material (S. 475).
Counterfeiting device or mark used for authenticating documents other than those described in section 467, or possessing counterfeit marked material (S. 476).
Fraudulent .cancellation, destruction, etc., of will, authority to adopt or valuable security (S. 477).
Falsification of accounts (S. 477-A).
Trade, Property and other Marks—Offences relating to
Property-Mark (S. 479).
Using a false property-mark (S. 181).
Currency-Notes and Bank-Notes
Counterfeit—Its Definition
CHAPTER 21
CRIMINAL BREACH OF CONTRACTS OF SERVICE
(Sections 490—492)
Breach of contract to attend on and supply wants of helpless person
CHAPTER 22
OFFENCES RELATING TO MARRIAGE
(Secs. 493—498)
Cohabitation caused by a man deceitfully inducing a belief of lawful marriage (S. 493).
Marrying again during lifetime of husband or wife (S. 494).
Same offence with concealment of former marriage from person with whom subsequent marriage is contracted (S. 495).
Marriage ceremony fraudulently gone through without lawful marriage (S. 496).
Adultery (S. 497).
Mock Marriages
Bigamy
Second marriage under Mohammedan Law
Marriage strict proof necessary to prove adultery or bigamy
Adultery
Adultery and rape—Difference
Enticing or taking away or detaining with criminal intent a married Woman (S. 498).
Elopement—Scope
CHAPTER 23
OF CRUELTY BY HUSBAND OR RELATIVES OF HUSBAND
(Sec. 498-A)
Husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to cruelty (S. 498-A).
Relationship between Sections 498-A and 304-B
Domestic Violence Prevention Act, 2005
Definition of domestic violence
CHAPTER 24
DEFAMATION
(Secs. 499—502)
Defamation (S. 499).
Punishment for defamation (S. 500).
Printing or engravating matter known to be defamatory (S. 501).
Sale of printed or engraved substance containing defamatory matter (S. 502).
Defamation as harm
Defamation—Intention and knowledge
Defamation by irony, negation and interrogation
Defamation—How committed?
Persons who may be defamed
Publication
Innuendo
Opinion respecting the conduct of public servant
Punishment for defamation
CHAPTER 25
CRIMINAL INTIMIDATION, INSULT AND ANNOYANCE
(Sections 503—510)
Criminal Intimidation (S. 503).
Distinction between Criminal Intimidation and Extortion
Intentional insult with intention to provoke breach of trust (S. 504).
Difference between Defamation and Insult
Difference between Assault and Insult
Statements conducing to public mischief (S. 505).
Punishment for criminal intimidation (S. 506).
If threat be to cause death or grievous hurt, etc. (S. 506).
Criminal intimidation by an anonymous communication (S. 507).
Act caused by inducing person to belive that he will be rendered an object of devine displeasure (S. 508).
Word, gesture or act intended to insult modesty of woman (S. 509).
Intrusion upon privacy of a woman
Misconduct in public by a drunken person (S. 510).
ATTEMPTS TO COMMIT OFFENCES
(Sec. 511)
Punishment for attempting to commit offences punishable with •imprisonment for life or other imprisonment (S. 511)
Preparation and Attempt—Distinction
Preparation and intention—When punishable?
Attempt to commit murder and attempt under Section 511— Distinction'
Attempt to commit an impossible crime
Cases amounting to attempt
Cases not amounting to attempt |
