UNIT I
Chapter 1
GENDER JUSTICE
1. Introduction
2. The Scope of Gender Injustice
3. A Principle of Gender Justice
4. The Principle Explained
Conclusions
Chapter 2
ROLE OF WOMEN IN INDIA
Role of Women in Ancient India
Ancient Women and Education:
Ancient Women in Politics:
Conclusion
Women Empowerment in Modem India
Need for women empowerment in India
Challenges before woman in India
Steps taken in India for the women empowerment
Ministry for women and child Development
National Commission for Women
National Policy for Women Empowerment
Swayamsidha Programme
STEP
Role of NGO’s
Suggestions
Conclusion
Women in India
Historical practices
Lakshmibai, the Rani of Jhansi
Sati
Jauhar
Purdah
Devadasis
British rule
Independent India
Education
Workforce participation of women
Land and property rights of women
Crime against women
Acid throwing
Child marriage and its consequences
Domestic violence
Dowry and dowry death
Female infanticide and sex-selective abortion
Honor killings
Rape and its consequence
Rape in India
Sexual harassment and related offences
Eve teasing
Trafficking
Other concerns
Sex in India
Demographic aspects
Health
Women’s health in India
Family planning
Sex ratios
Sanitation and its perspective towards women
Chapter 3
GENDER JUSTICE AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
Human Rights and Women: An International Overview
Human Rights of Women: Constitutional Provisions
Women’s Rights under Criminal Laws in India
a. Indian Penal Code
b. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
c. Indian Evidence Act
Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 1983
Women’s Rights under Personal Laws in India
a. Hindu Adoption Maintenance Act, 1956
b. Hindu Succession Act, 1956
c. The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act 1956
Women’s Right under the Labour laws of India
Judicial Initiative towards Empowerment of Women
Land and Property Rights
Judicial Trend
Child Sexual Abuse: Judicial Attitude
Judicial Trends on Women Labour
Judicial Trends on Child Labour
Trafficked Female Child Victims
UNIT II
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION: FEMINISM OR FEMINISMS?
Equal or Different? The Perennial Feminist Problematic
The biology debate: sex and gender
Chapter 2
FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES ON DEVELOPMENT
Why Leprasy is a Feminist Issue
Development Theory
Theories of Women’s Subordination
Women and Development Research
Feminist Critique of Development
Women and Development in Bangladesh
DBLM—A Case Study
Conclusion
Chapter 3
FEMINIST THOUGHT
The Diversity of Feminist Thinking
Liberal Feminism
Eighteenth-Century Thought: Equal Education
Nineteenth-Century Thought: Equal Liberty
Nineteenth-Century Action: The Suffrage
Twentieth-Century Action: Equal Rights
Contemporary Directions in Liberal Feminism
Critiques of Liberal Feminism
Critique One: Reason, Freedom, and Autonomy Are Not As
Good As They Sound
Critique Two: Women as Men?
Critique Three: Racism, Classism, and Heterosexism
Libertarian and Cultural Views on the Sex/Gender System
Some Libertarian Views on Gender Millett’s Sexual Politics
Sexuality, Male Domination, and Female Subordination
The Pornography Debate
The Lesbianism Controversy
Reproduction, Men and Women
Natural Reproduction: The Site of Women’s Oppression
Firestone’s The Dialectic of Sex
Piercy’s Woman on the Edge of Time
Natural Reproduction: The Site of Women’s Liberation Marge
Piercy Critiqued
Libertarian and Cultural Views on Mothering
The Case Against Biological Motherhood
The Case for Biological Motherhood
Genetics, Gestational, and Rearing Connections
Critiques of Radical-Libertarian and Radical-Cultural Feminism
Woman’s “Goodness”?
Beyond Polarization?
Marxist and Socialist Feminism: Classical and Contemporary
Some Marxist Concepts and Theories
The Marxist Theory of Economics
The Marxist Theory of Society
The Marxist Theory of Politics
The Marxist Theory of Family Relations
Classical Marxist Feminism: General Reflections
Women’s Labor After the 1917 Communist Revolution in Russia.
Contemporary Socialist Feminism: General Reflections
Two-System Explanations of Women’s Oppression
Juliet Mitchell
Alison Jaggar
Interactive-System Explanations of Women’s Oppression
Iris Marion Young
Heidi Hartmann
Sylvia Walby
Critiques of Marxist and Socialist Feminism
Psychoanalytic Feminism
Sigmund Freud
Feminist Critiques of Freud
Betty Friedan
Shulamith Firestone
Kate Millet
Early Feminist Appropriations of Freud
Alfred Adler
Karen Homey
Clara Thompson
Later Feminist Appropriations of Freud
Nancy Chodorow: The Reproduction of Mothering
Dinnerstein Versus Chodorow
Critiques of Dinnerstein and Chodorow
Juliet Mitchell: Psychoanalysis and Feminism
Feminist Critiques of Mitchell
Psychoanalytic Feminism: General Reflections
Jacques Lacan’s Thought
Feminist Appropriations of Lacan’s Thought Luce Irigaray
Julia Kristeva
Multicultural, Global and Postcolonial Feminism
Multicultural Feminism: General Reflections
Roots of Multicultural Feminism in the United States
Interlocking Sources of Women’s Oppression
Conceptual Challenges for Multicultural Feminism
Eco-feminism
Ecofeminism: New Philosophy or Ancient Wisdom?
Tensions in Nature: Ecofeminist Thought
Sever the Woman-Nature Connection Simone de Beauvoir
Sherry B. Ortner
Reaffirm the Woman-Nature Connection Mary Daly:
Gyn/Ecology
Susan Griffin
Spiritual Ecofeminism
Starhawk
Carol Christ
Transformative Ecofeminism
Dorothy Dinnerstein
Karen J. Warren
Global Ecofeminism
Critiques of Ecofeminism Nature Ecofeminism
Spiritual Ecofeminism
Transformative Ecofeminism
Conclusion
Postmodern and Third-Wave Feminism
Postmodernism/Postmodern Feminism
Jacques Derrida
Helene Cixous
Michel Foucault
Judith Butler
Critique of Postmodern Feminism
Feminism: Basic Principles
Chapter 4
STATUS OF WOMEN IN INDIA—HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Status of women in Medieval Andhra
Religious Freedom
Participation in Religious Rites and Rituals
Onerous Responsibilities
Strong Family Bonds
Women and Temples
Temple Dancers
Devadasis
Sanis form guilds
Institutionalisation of Sanis
Bhogastrees (Concubines)
Prostitutes
Held in High Esteem
Stree Dhanam
The changing status of Indian women
Status of Indian Women and the role of Legislation
Modern Period
Growing Need for Women Empowerment
Migrants Rights
Development, Patriarchy, and Politics: Indian Women in the
Political Process, 1947-1992
Introduction
Uneven socioeconomic development
Patriarchy
Legislative action
Summary and assessment
Report of the Committee on the Status of Women in India
Summary and assessment
1975-1988-1992: Debates on the Draft National Perspective Plan for Women
The Shah Bano Case
The Sati at Deorala
Conclusion
UNIT III
Chapter 1
CHANGING STATUS OF WOMEN IN INDIAN POLITICS
(1917-1947) : THE ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY
Introduction: Statement of the Problem
Women’s Civic Engagement: The Role of Early Civil Societal Associations
Associations Founded by Women: The Intermediate Agencies
The Civil Society Argument
Chapter 2
GENDER INEQUALITY AND WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN
THE GREAT LAKES:CAN CULTURE CONTRIBUTE TO
WOMEN S EMPOWERMENT?
Introduction
Gender inequalities
The political domain
The economic domain
The social domain
The expression of sexuality
Gender inequality: Empowering women
Economic Discrimination
Gender Discrimination Laws
Empowering Women
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
GANDHI ON WOMEN EMANCIPATION
Introduction
Gandhi on women
Gandhi on marriage and divorce
Widow Remarriage
Dowry System
Pardah System
Women Education
Political Involvement of Women
Conclusion
Chapter 5
WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN INDIA: A BRIEF DISCUSSION
Introduction
Women in India
Empowerment of women in India
Reasons for the empowerment of women
Chapter 7
GENDER EQUALITY UNIT AND
THE OMBUDSMAN FOR EQUALITY
Gender equality is in everybody’s interests
The Act has been revised
What does the Act require of different authorities?
Quotas and the principle of equitable representation
Promoting gender equality in education and training
Gender equality plan for the workplace
1. Gender equality assessment
2. Measures for improving the situation
3. Review of the results
Gender equality plans in educational institutions
Discrimination based on gender is prohibited direct and indirect discrimination
Sexual harassment and gender-based harassment
What does not constitute discrimination?
Discrimination is prohibited in working life, educational institutions and organizations
representing labour market interests Working life
Prohibition of discrimination in working life
Discrimination on the basis of pregnancy
Discrimination in selecting job applicants
Discrimination in pay and in other terms of employment
Discrimination in the organization of work
Discrimination in giving notice and in lay-offs
Countermeasures by the employer constitutes discrimination
Harassment in the workplace
Employer’s account to the employee
Right of an employee representative to access pay information in certain cases
Educational institutions: Discrimination in educational institutions
Account submitted to the student by the educational institution
Organizations representing labour market interests Discrimination in organizations
representing labour market interests
Discriminatory announcements are prohibited
Compensation for discrimination
Supervising compliance with the Act
Duties of the Ombudsman for Equality
Discrimination prohibited under other legislation
Act on Equality between Women and Men
Objectives
UNIT IV
Chapter 1
THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN INDEPENDENT INDIA
Introduction
History
1. Ancient India
2. Medieval period
3. Historical practices
Sati:
Jauhar:
Purdah :
Devadasis:
4. British rule
Position of Women in Independent India
Current Scenario
Sports
Art and Entertainment
Literature
Corporate Divas
Social saints
Universal Queens
VARIOUS AREAS REGARDING RIGHTS OF WOMEN
1. Education and economic development
Education
Education is a right
Cultural changes
Better health
Poverty reduction
2. Workforce participation
Women as Workers
3. Land and property rights
4. Gender Discrimination
5. Health
The Concept of Right to Health
National Remedies
6. Empowerment
7. Marriage and Family
8. Religion and culture
9. Women’s Reproductive Rights
10. Crimes against women
Sexual harassment
Dowry
Child marriage
Female infanticides and sex selective abortions
Domestic violence
Trafficking
Problems which women in India have to go through daily
Malnutrition
Poor Health
Maternal Mortality
Lack of education
Mistreatment
Overworked
Lack of power
Marriage
Dowry
Female infanticide/foeticide
Divorce
2011 Study of status by country
Conclusion
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
Chapter 3
TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN AND CHILDREN
Announce of prevention is worth a pound of cure
Chapter 4
GENDER INEQUALITY AND PERSONAL LAWS
Introduction
Hindu Law
Females’ property rights in the Male-controlled Family
Widow’s Domain
Gender Justice: Transformations in Hindu Law
Hindu Women’s Property Rights under the Hindu Succession Act 1956
Muslim Law
Inheritance Rights of Muslim Women under the Muslim Personal Law
Shariat and the Property Rights of Muslim Women
Property Rights of Muslim Women under the Customary Law
Chapter 5
UNIFORM CIVIL CODE, WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
AND GENDER JUSTICE
Introduction
Conception of Uniform Civil Code
Concept of Gender Justice
International Conventions and Treaties on Gender Equality
Gender Justice on the Constitutional Bedrock
Gender discrimination under Indian Personal Laws and Judicial approach
Diversity within Personal Laws
Obstacles to Uniform Civil Code
Need of Uniform Civil Code in India
Chapter 6
CHARTING A NEW PATH TOWARD GENDER EQUALITY IN INDIA
FROM RELIGIOUS PERSONAL LAWS TO A UNIFORM CIVIL CODE
I. India’s Constitutional Vision: Unity Through Diversity
A. Protection of Gender Equality
B. Protection of Religious Groups
C. The Place for a Uniform Civil Code
II. The need for a Uniform Civil Code in India
A. The Supreme Court Is Inadequate in the Realm of Personal Law
B. The Parliament Cannot Be Trusted
C. Alternative Approaches to a Uniform Civil Code Are Insufficient
Conclusion
Chapter 7
A FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE INCREATING ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT
The 1970s: Women in development
The 1980s: Gender in Development and Socialist Feminism
Practical needs and strategic needs
Neoliberal policies and the feminisation of poverty
Alternatives in the South
Post-colonial feminist movements
Chapter 8
INDIA—WOMEN IN THE SOCIETY
The woman in ancient Indian writings
The woman of Indian present-day
Ethics and morality
Women in politics and economics
Prospects
UNITV
Chapter 1
GENDER, EMPOWERMENT AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH
1. Introduction
2. Conceptualising women’s empowerment
3. Conceptualising women’s economic empowerment
4. Gender inequalities in the labour market: theoretical approaches and an analytical framework
Conclusion
Chapter 2
FEMINISM, LIBERAL
Chapter 3
RADICAL FEMINISM
Movement
Views on pornography
Feminist views on transgenderism and transsexualism
Criticism
Chapter 4
FEMINISM IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT: AN INTRODUCTION
1 1 Concept of Feminism
1.1.1 Defining Feminism
1.1.2 Various Models of Feminism
1.2 Genesis and Growth of Feminism
1.2.1 First wave feminism: prel920
1.2.2 Second wave post 1920
Features of the movement
1.2.3 Third-wave Feminism Post 1950
1.3 Feminism in the Indian Context
1.3.1. Shashi Deshpande writings
1.3.2. Shobha De’s Writing’s
1.3.3. Manju Kapur’s Writing’s
1.3.4. Mahasweta Devi’s Writing’s
UNIT VI
Chapter 1
WOMEN S RIGHTS ARE HUMAN RIGHTS
Introduction
I. Protection of the Human Rights of Women under International Law
A. International Human Rights Instruments
B. Regional Instruments
II. Global Commitments
A. Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
B. International Conference on Population and Development
C. Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action
D. Millennium Development Goals
E. United Nations Conference On Sustainable Development
III. United Nations bodies
A. The Human Rights Council and Its Mechanisms
B. The Security Council
C. The Commission on the Status of Women
IV. Key concepts
A. The Public-Private Divide
B. Universality of Human Rights
C. Non-discrimination and Equality between Women and Men
D. Equality and Equity
E. Gender
F. Intersectionality and Multiple Forms of Discrimination
V. The human rights framework in practice
Women’s Right to an Adequate Standard of Living
Violence Against Women
Women’s Human Rights in Conflicts and Crises
Chapter 2
VIOLATION OF WOMEN HUMAN RIGHTS IN INDIA
Women Human Rights in India:
Violation of Women Human Rights
Violation of Women Human Rights in Past:
Devadasis:
Jauhar:
Purdah:
Sati:
VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN GENERAL
Violation of “Right to Equality’’ and “Right to Protection against
Gender Discrimination”
Violation of “Right to Education”
Violation of “Political Right’’
Violation of “Right to Property”
Violation of “Right to Protection of Health”
Violation of “Right to Equal Opportunity for Employment” and
“Right to get Equal Wages for Equal Work”
Violation of “Right to Live with Dignity” Eve Teasing and Sexual Abuse. Violation of “Right from Society, State and Family System”
1) Child Marriage
2) Dowry Harassment and Bride Burning:
3) Rape:
4) Domestic Violence:
Chapter 3
WOMEN S RIGHTS AND INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
Introduction
CEDAW and Women’s Health
Monitoring Implementation and International Mobilization
Chapter 4
CONVICTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN, 1979
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women, 1993
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, 1999
Chapter 5
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL
FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
PART I—Articles 1 to 3
PART II—Articles 8 to 16
PART III—Articles 17 to 25
UNIT VII
Chapter 1
GUARDIANSHIP
What is a Guardianship?
Who is a Guardian?
Who is Incapacitated?
How is a Person Determined to be Incapacitated?
Who May Serve as Guardian?
What Does a Guardian Do?
Is a Guardian Accountable?
Is Guardianship Permanent?
Is Guardianship the only means of helping an incapacitated Person?
What about Guardians for Minors?
Chapter 2
WOMEN'S AND CHILDREN;S RIGHTS IN A
HUMAN RIGHTS BASED APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT
INTRODUCTION
Human Rights as a Strategy for Development
Mainstreaming a Gender Perspective in Human Rights Treaty Bodies &
UN Work and conferences
a) Emerging Human Rights Trends in the Context of CEDAW
and CRC
b) Recognizing Multiple Forms of Discrimination
c) Redefining Violence Against Women as Inequality
d) Civil Society Participation in Norm Creation
e) Holding State and Non-State Actors Accountable Under
the CEDAW and CRC
f) Women and Children as Rights Holders
Essential Elements of Human Rights Based Approach to Programming
for Women and Children
a) Realizing Equality and “Eliminating Discrimination
b) Good Governance
The Millennium Development Goals and Human Rights-based Development. Linking the CEDAW and CRC
Protections of the Girl Child in the CRC and CEDAW
CRC Committee on the Girl Child
The Protection of the Girl Child in Other UN Documents
The Status of the Girl Child in the CEDAW
Mutually Supportive Relationship in CRC and CEDAW
Linkages of CRC and CEDAW: Exploring the Interconnectedness of
....... Women’s and Children’s Rights in Programming
1. Equality
2. Rights in the Family
Recommended Concrete Action to Actualize Rights in the Family
3. Violence against Women and Children
Recommended Concrete Action to Combat Violence against Women and Children:
4. Labour
Recommended Concrete Action to Enforce Labour Rights:
5. Health
Recommended Concrete Action to Implement Health Rights:
6. HIV/AIDS
Recommended Concrete Actions to Address HIV/AIDS:
7. Reproductive Health
Recommended Concrete Action on Reproductive Rights:
8. Culture and Traditions
9. Education
Recommended Concrete Action to Advance Rights to Education
without Gender Discrimination:
10. Nationality
11. Participation, Leadership and Human Resource Development
Recommended Concrete Action on these Issues Include:
12. Trafficking
Recommended Concrete Action
Institution Building, Programming and Monitoring
Recommended Concrete Action State Accountability
Reporting Mechanisms Under Treaty Bodies
Strengthening the Courts and the Judiciary
Human Rights Programming
During Armed Conflict
Conclusion
Chapter 3
WOMEN'S PROPERTY RIGHTS-A HISTORICAL PROSPECTIVE
1. INTRODUCTION
2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
2.1 Property Right of Women in Vedic Age:
2.2 Property Right of Women under Schools:
2.2.1 Females entitled to get a Share:
2.3 Concept of Stridhan and Women’s Property:
2.3.1 Meaning of Stridhan:
2.3.2 Power to Dispose off Stridhan:
2.3.3 Right of the Women over her Stridhan:
2.3.4 Succession to Stridhan:
2.4 Women’s Property Rights under Customary Law:
2.5 Women Property Rights and Statutory Law:
2.5.1 The Caste Disabilities Removal Act, 1850:
2.5.2 The Hindu Wills Act, 1870:
2.5.3 The Hindu Inheritance (Removal of Disabilities) Act, 1928:
2.5.4 The Hindu Law of Inheritance (Amendment) Act, 1929:
2.5.5 The Hindu Women’s Right to Property Act, 1937:
2.5.6 The Hindu Succession Act, 1956:
2.5.7 State Amendment Acts:
2.5.8 Kerala Model
2.5.9 Passing of Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005:
Chapter 3
DEVOLUTION OF PROPERTY OF A HINDU INTESTATE
1. Devolution of Property of a Hindu Intestate
1.1 First Step
1.2 Second Step
2. Effect of Amendment of Section 6 of the HSA
3. Property of Female to be her Absolute Property
INTERPRETATIONS BY COURT: OBSERVATIONS
1. Law Prior to the Amendment Act of 2005
2. Order of Succession for a Hindu Male Dying Intestate
3. Order of Succession for a Hindu Female Dying Intestate
4. Restrictions imposed by Section 23 of HSA
5. Implications of the Amendment Act of 2005
5.1 Case-Law Review:
5.1.1 Supreme Court:
5.1.2 High Courts
5.2 Abolition of special rules relating to dwelling house
5.3 Deletion of provision relating to certain widows re-marrying
may not inherit as widows
5.4 Deletion of provisions exempting agricultural holdings:
Deletion of section 4(2)
Chapter 4
CHILD CUSTODY AND GUARDIANSHIP IN MUSLIM LAW
Nature
Kinds Of Guardianship
Guardianship of the Person of the Minor for Custody
Rights of Hizanat
Termination of Hizanat
Chapter 5
CHILD CUSTODY AND GUARDIANSHIP IN THE WEST
Conclusion
Chapter 6
DAILY BREAD DENIED ANALYSIS OF
PETITION FOR MAINTENANCE
Introductory Remarks
Wife’s right to reside in Matrimonial Home
Married women’s Right of Permanent Alimony and Maintenance
UNIT VIII
Chapter 1
EQUAL REMUNERATION AND MATERNITY BENEFIT
EQUAL REMUNERATION ACT, 1976
History and evolution of the Principle
Applicability of the Act
Remuneration
Question of equal work depends on various factors
Employer is duty bound to pay equal remuneration
No discrimination in recruitment
Rule Making Power of the Central Government
Provisions are mandatory in nature
Cognizance of offences
Maternity Benefit Act, 1961
Whether female daily wagers entitled to Maternity benefits
Applicability
Chapter 2
OTHER LEGISLATIONS
DOWRY PROHIBITION ACT 1961
Chapter 3
THE IMMORAL TRAFFIC (PREVENTION) ACT, 1956
THE IMMORAL TRAFFIC ACT, 1956
Chapter 4
THE INDECENT REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN
(PROHIBITION) ACT, 1986
Powers to enter and search (Section 5)
Offences by Companies (Section 7)
Offences to be Cognizable and Bailable
Chapter 5
THE NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR WOMEN ACT, 1990
Introduction
Constitution of the National Commission for Women
Term of Office and Conditions of Service of Chairperson and members
(Section 4)
Disqualification : Chairperson/Member
Functions of the National Commission for Women
Power of Women’s Commission
Grants by the Central Government
Official of national Commission for Women to be the public servants
UNIT IX
Chapter 1
CRIME AGAINST WOMEN : TYPES AND CAUSES
Introductory
Sexual Crimes against Women in India
Rape: Meaning and Types
Custodial Rape
Gang rape
Incest
Digital Rape
Marital Rape
Factors Adding Fuel to the Agony of Rape Victims
Less Conviction Rate.
Police Apathy
Abuse of Power and Authority
Unreported Instances of Rape
Convoluted Sense of Justice
Wrong Signals Embolden Rapists
Compounding Victims’ Trauma
Social Ostracism towards the Victim of Sexual Offences
Need for Unorthodox methods
Generally, Who are Rapists?
Attempt to Rape
Impediments towards Justice for Rape Victims
Girl and Women Trafficking in India: Status, Forms and Causes
Status and Challenges pertaining to Human Trafficking
Major forms of Human Trafficking
Sex and Prostitution
Causes
Some factors responsible for Prostitution
Domestic Violence and Human Trafficking
Interlink between Migration and Trafficking
Commodification of Women
Cultural Traditions
Crime against Life, Liberty and Health of Women
Dowry; Death and its Attempt
Causes
Female Infanticide and Feticide
Female Infanticide in India: Present scenario
Reasons for Sex-selective Abortion
Cultural preference
Genetic
Societal effects
Sex selection and technology
Sex selection and statutes: Poor applicability of laws
Patriarchy and prejudice
Ethical blindness
Child Marriage: A Serious Concerns
Reasons for Child Marriage
Parent’s Choice
Cheaper for Poor Families
Detrimental Effects on Children
Health Risks
High Maternal Mortality
Curbing the Evil Practice: An Imperative
Pervasiveness of Sati System in India
Instances of Sati in Recent Past
Sexual Harassment: Meaning and Types
Types of Harassment
Pornography: Meaning and Types
Types of Pornography
Non-commercial pornography
Computer-generated images and manipulations
3D pornography
Easy Access to Pornography
Obscenity and Pornography
Ambiguity in law
Matrimonial Crimes against Women
Torture (Physical and Mental) as described under Section 498A of lPC
Offence of Bigamy
Complaint under the Act
Adultery
An Analysis of Section 497, IPC
Why Women are not punished for Adultery
Why the Supreme Court has Erred
Changing Social Conditions
Why Women should not be Punished Even Now
Decriminalised Adultery
Dowry Harassment
What the dowry is?
Why this social evil prevail in India
Facts relating to dowry death
Is Law-making is enough for eradication of social evils?
Cruelty and Harassment: Meaning under various Statute
Criminal Law in India: Penalty for Commission of Cruelty by Husband
Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 : Irretrievable Breakdown of marriage
Domestic Violence against Women
Forms of Domestic Violence
Physical Abuse
Sexual abuse and rape in intimate relationships
Psychological and emotional abuse
Sexual abuse of children and adolescents
Forced prostitution
Sex-selective abortions, female infanticide and differential access to food and medical care
Causes of Domestic Violence in India
Main Factors that Perpetuate Domestic Violence
Chapter 2
DOWRY DEATH AND LAW: INDIAN SCENARIO
Introduction
Laws in relation of dowry deaths
IPC Section 304 - B deals with dowry death
IPC Section 498 - A deals with husband or relative of husband of subjecting married
woman to cruelty
Cr PC Section 176(1) provides inquest by executive magistrate and
Cr PC sec. 174(3) provides as follows
IEA Section 113—A deals with presumption as to abetment of suicide
by a married woman
IEA section 113—B deals with presumption as to dowry death
Magistrate inquest in dowry death
Forensic experts and dowry death
Social factors and dowry death
Effective steps to be taken
Medico-legal aspects of dowry death
Chapter 3
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
The Situation
Sexual violence
Sexual violence in conflict
Violence and HIV/AIDS
Female Genital Mutilation/Genital Cutting
Dowry murder
“Honour killing”
Trafficking in persons
Violence during pregnancy
Discrimination and violence
Cost and Consequences
Chapter 4
CRIMINAL LAW AND UNBORN: INDIAN SCENARIO
PART I Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971
Section 5:
Sections 3 and 4 when not to apply:
Abortion Right should Remain Severely Regulated in India
No abortion on demand or request:
Strict law required to prevent female foeticide:
Not a tool for birth control:
Administration of law by Doctors, a unique positive point of
Reforms Required in MTPA, 1971
Need for Additional grounds for Termination
A. Low economic status as a criterion for abortion:
B. Remove viability as a criterion for deciding possibility of abortion:.
Focus should remain with the mother
C. Eugenics and Foetal Rights
Rationale behind 20 weeks:
Health of Foetus beyond 20 weeks:
Nikhil Datar v Union of India:
Deformed babies v Designer babies
Judicial Creativity not Applied:
Legislative Correction of MTPA, 1971:
PART II
‘causing miscarriage’:
Explanation:
Section 314: Death caused by act done with intent to cause miscarriage
Explanation:
Section 315: Act done with intent to prevent child being bom alive or
to cause it to die after birth:
Section 316: Causing death of quick unborn child by act amounting
to culpable homicide:
Section 299: Culpable homicide:
Loopholes in Criminal Law:
PART III
Chapter 5
FEMALE FOETICIDE IN INDIA:
A SERIOUS CHALLENGE FOR SOCIETY
Female foeticide and Female Infanticide :
Pre-Natal Sex Selection and the Law :
A) Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention
of Misuse) Act, 1994 :
PIL Petition :
Direction to the Central Government:
Direction to the Central Supervisory Board (CSB) :
B) Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques
(Prohibition of sex selection) Act 2002:
Compulsory Registration :
State Level Supervisory Body (SLSB) :
Incidence of Female Foeticide in Orissa :
Right to Life of Foetus :
Social Action to Curb Female Foeticide :
Conclusion :
Chapter 6
COMPENSATORY JURISPRUDENCE
Idea of Compensation
Laws on Commission In India
Concept of Victimology
Compensation To Victims In Crime
Few Problems
Compensation under criminal law
Compensation related to Rape
Article 32 And The Remedy of Compensation
The Doctrine of Sovereign Immunity
Judicial Jurisprudence Towards Compensation Law In India
Awards of Compensation To Victims By Courts
Critical Analysis
Conclusion
UNIT X
Chapter 1
WOMEN S PATHS TO POLITICAL PARTICIPATION
AND DECISION MAKING
Promoting Gender Equity in the Democratic Process:
Political culture.
Civil society
Government institutions
Introduction
Political Culture
Political Consciousness
Conclusions
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